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Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT)
What is Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT)?
HSCT is a curative-intent or disease-modifying treatment that infuses haematopoietic stem cells to restore bone marrow and immune function after a preparative (conditioning) regimen, which may be myeloablative or reduced-intensity, or to replace defective haematopoiesis.
In simpler terms, it gives the patient healthy blood-forming stem cells: diseased cells are cleared with strong treatment; then, stem cells from the patient or a donor are given back to rebuild the bone marrow and immune system.
Types of HSCT
- Autologous HSCT
Autologous transplant uses the patient’s own stem cells. No donor is needed, and there is no risk of donor cells attacking the body. However, there is also no added anti-disease effect from donor cells.
It is commonly used for multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and some solid tumours.
- Allogeneic HSCT
Allogeneic transplant uses stem cells from a donor. Donor immune cells may help fight the disease, but they may also attack the patient’s body, so close monitoring is needed.
It is used for leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anaemia, inherited blood disorders, and some immune deficiencies.
Who may be suitable for HSCT?
In general, HSCT may be suitable for patients with a clear medical indication whose overall health can tolerate the treatment. Doctors will assess the disease, general condition, organ function, infection status, and — if allogeneic transplant is considered — whether a suitable donor is available. The final decision is made by the clinical team.
Who may not be suitable for HSCT?
HSCT may not be suitable if infection is not controlled, important organs are severely impaired, overall condition is too poor, other medical conditions are not controlled, the patient is pregnant, or the patient cannot comply with treatment and follow-up.
For allogeneic transplant, no suitable donor is also a key limitation. Specific criteria are assessed by the clinical team.
Overview of treatment process
- Referral & donor search
- Pre / Post HSCT education & care
- Workup & assessment for donor and recipient
- Stem cell infusion
- Complication assessment & monitoring
- Drug adherence & side-effect monitoring